皇上,还记得我吗?我就是1999年那个Linux伊甸园啊-----24小时滚动更新开源资讯,全年无休!

TIOBE 2021年4月排行榜

April Headline: Game over for Objective-C

It took much longer than expected. Programming language Objective-C has slipped out of the TIOBE index top 20 this month and it is not very likely that it will return in the short term. About 10 years ago, Objective-C was the rising star in the TIOBE index, being winner of the language of the year award in 2011 and 2012. Apple’s iPhones were starting to boom in these days and all its applications were written in Objective-C.

Objective-C’s fame came to a sudden stop when, in 2014, Apple announced that there was a new language called Swift that should replace Objective-C. Remarkably, it took a long time before Swift was more popular than Objective-C. Only 7 years after its death sentence, Objective-C is now leaving the top 20. But there is still hope for Objective-C because old languages sometimes strike back. Take a look at Fortran! This dinosaur is back in the top 20 after more than 10 years. Fortran was the first commercial programming language ever, and is gaining popularity thanks to the massive need for (scientific) number crunching. Welcome back Fortran.

The TIOBE Programming Community index is an indicator of the popularity of programming languages. The index is updated once a month. The ratings are based on the number of skilled engineers world-wide, courses and third party vendors. Popular search engines such as Google, Bing, Yahoo!, Wikipedia, Amazon, YouTube and Baidu are used to calculate the ratings. It is important to note that the TIOBE index is not about the best programming language or the language in which most lines of code have been written.

The index can be used to check whether your programming skills are still up to date or to make a strategic decision about what programming language should be adopted when starting to build a new software system. The definition of the TIOBE index can be found here.

Apr 2021 Apr 2020 Change Programming Language Ratings Change
1 2 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 C 14.32% -2.40%
2 1 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 Java 11.23% -5.49%
3 3 Python 11.03% +1.72%
4 4 C++ 7.14% +0.36%
5 5 C# 4.91% +0.16%
6 6 Visual Basic 4.55% -0.18%
7 7 JavaScript 2.44% +0.06%
8 14 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 Assembly language 2.32% +1.16%
9 8 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 PHP 1.84% -0.54%
10 9 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 SQL 1.83% -0.34%
11 19 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 Classic Visual Basic 1.54% +0.71%
12 22 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 Delphi/Object Pascal 1.47% +0.77%
13 13 Ruby 1.23% -0.02%
14 12 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 Go 1.22% -0.13%
15 11 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 Swift 1.19% -0.32%
16 10 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 R 1.12% -0.42%
17 48 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 Groovy 1.04% +0.86%
18 16 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 Perl 0.99% +0.03%
19 18 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 MATLAB 0.99% +0.06%
20 34 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 Fortran 0.91% +0.58%

 


Other programming languages

The complete top 50 of programming languages is listed below. This overview is published unofficially, because it could be the case that we missed a language. If you have the impression there is a programming language lacking, please notify us at tpci@tiobe.com. Please also check the overview of all programming languages that we monitor.

Position Programming Language Ratings
21 SAS 0.89%
22 Scratch 0.68%
23 Objective-C 0.67%
24 COBOL 0.65%
25 Prolog 0.61%
26 Scala 0.61%
27 PL/SQL 0.55%
28 Transact-SQL 0.50%
29 Rust 0.49%
30 Ada 0.49%
31 D 0.48%
32 Julia 0.42%
33 (Visual) FoxPro 0.38%
34 Dart 0.38%
35 ABAP 0.35%
36 Lisp 0.35%
37 Lua 0.34%
38 Logo 0.33%
39 Kotlin 0.32%
40 LabVIEW 0.32%
41 VBScript 0.28%
42 Bash 0.24%
43 VHDL 0.24%
44 Ladder Logic 0.24%
45 Awk 0.22%
46 Apex 0.21%
47 RPG 0.21%
48 Elixir 0.21%
49 PowerShell 0.19%
50 TypeScript 0.19%

The Next 50 Programming Languages

The following list of languages denotes #51 to #100. Since the differences are relatively small, the programming languages are only listed (in alphabetical order).

  • 4th Dimension/4D, ActionScript, Alice, B4X, bc, Bourne shell, C shell, CFML, Clipper, Clojure, Common Lisp, Crystal, DiBOL, Eiffel, Elm, Erlang, F#, Fantom, Gosu, Hack, Haskell, Icon, Inform, J, Korn shell, Maple, MEL, ML, MQL4, NATURAL, NXT-G, OCaml, Occam, OpenCL, OpenEdge ABL, PL/I, PostScript, PureBasic, Q, REXX, Ring, Scheme, Simulink, Small Basic, Solidity, SPARK, SPSS, Tcl, Verilog, Zig

This Month’s Changes in the Index

This month the following changes have been made to the definition of the index:

  • Mike Keizer suggested to add the CLIPS programming language. CLIPS qualifies for the index, so it is has been added to the list of 274 programming languages that we track. CLIPS starts at position 110 in this month’s TIOBE index. Thanks Mike!
  • There are lots of mails that still need to be processed. As soon as there is more time available your mail will be answered. Please be patient.

Very Long Term History

To see the bigger picture, please find below the positions of the top 10 programming languages of many years back. Please note that these are average positions for a period of 12 months.

Programming Language 2021 2016 2011 2006 2001 1996 1991 1986
C 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
Java 2 1 1 1 3 30
Python 3 5 7 8 27 18
C++ 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 8
C# 5 4 5 7 11
Visual Basic 6 13
JavaScript 7 8 10 10 9 33
PHP 8 6 4 4 19
R 9 17 33
SQL 10
Lisp 34 27 13 14 16 7 4 2
Ada 36 26 19 16 22 8 8 3
(Visual) Basic 6 6 4 3 3 4

There are 2 important remarks here:

  1. There is a difference between “Visual Basic” and “(Visual) Basic” in the table above. Until 2010, “(Visual) Basic” referred to all possible dialects of Basic, including Visual Basic. After some discussion, it has been decided to split “(Visual) Basic” into all its dialects such as Visual Basic .NET, Classic Visual Basic, PureBasic, and Small Basic, just to name a few. Since Visual Basic .NET has become the major implementation of Visual Basic, it is now called “Visual Basic”.
  2. The programming language SQL has not been in the TIOBE index for a long time. In 2018, somebody pointed out that SQL is Turing Complete. From that moment on, SQL is part of the TIOBE index. So although this language is very old, it has only a short history in the TIOBE index.

Programming Language Hall of Fame

The hall of fame listing all “Programming Language of the Year” award winners is shown below. The award is given to the programming language that has the highest rise in ratings in a year.

Year Winner
2020 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 Python
2019 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 C
2018 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 Python
2017 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 C
2016 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 Go
2015 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 Java
2014 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 JavaScript
2013 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 Transact-SQL
2012 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 Objective-C
2011 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 Objective-C
2010 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 Python
2009 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 Go
2008 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 C
2007 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 Python
2006 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 Ruby
2005 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 Java
2004 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 PHP
2003 TIOBE  2021年4月排行榜 C++

Bugs & Change Requests

This is the top 5 of most requested changes and bugs. If you have any suggestions how to improve the index don’t hesitate to send an e-mail to tpci@tiobe.com.

  1. Apart from “<language> programming”, also other queries such as “programming with <language>”, “<language> development” and “<language> coding” should be tried out.
  2. Add queries for other natural languages (apart from English). The idea is to start with the Chinese search engine Baidu. This has been implemented partially and will be completed the next few months.
  3. Add a list of all search term requests that have been rejected. This is to minimize the number of recurring mails about Rails, JQuery, JSP, etc.
  4. Start a TIOBE index for databases, software configuration management systems and application frameworks.
  5. Some search engines allow to query pages that have been added last year. The TIOBE index should only track those recently added pages.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

  • Q: Am I allowed to show the TIOBE index in my weblog/presentation/publication?A: Yes, the only condition is to refer to its original source “www.tiobe.com”.
  • Q: How may I nominate a new language to be added to the TIOBE index?A: If a language meets the criteria of being listed (i.e. it is Turing complete and has an own Wikipedia entry that indicates that it concerns a programming language) and it is sufficiently popular (more than 5,000 hits for +”<language> programming” for Google), then please write an e-mail to tpci@tiobe.com.
  • Q: I would like to have the complete data set of the TIOBE index. Is this possible?A: We spent a lot of effort to obtain all the data and keep the TIOBE index up to date. In order to compensate a bit for this, we ask a fee of 5,000 US$ for the complete data set. The data set runs from June 2001 till today. It started with 25 languages back in 2001, and now measures more than 150 languages once a month. The data are available in comma separated format. Please contact sales@tiobe.com for more information.
  • Q: Why is the maximum taken to calculate the ranking for a grouping, why not the sum?A: Well, you can do it either way and both are wrong. If you take the sum, then you get the intersection twice. If you take the max, then you miss the difference. Which one to choose? Suppose somebody comes up with a new search term that is 10% of the original. If you take the max, nothing changes. If you take the sum then the ratings will rise 10%. So taking the sum will be an incentive for some to come up with all kinds of obscure terms for a language. That’s why we decided to take the max.

    The proper way to solve this is is of course to take the sum and subtract the intersection. This will give rise to an explosion of extra queries that must be performed. Suppose a language has a grouping of 15 terms, then you have to perform 32,768 queries (all combinations of intersections). So this seems not possible either… If somebody has a solution for this, please let us know.

  • Q: What happened to Java in April 2004? Did you change your methodology?A: No, we did not change our methodology at that time. Google changed its methodology. They performed a general sweep action to get rid of all kinds of web sites that had been pushed up. As a consequence, there was a huge drop for languages such as Java and C++. In order to minimize such fluctuations in the future, we added two more search engines (MSN and Yahoo) a few months after this incident.

转自 https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/