-(dearvoid@LinuxEden:tty3)-(~/void/c++)-
[4013 0] # cat exception.cc
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class MyException {
public:
    MyException() {}
    MyException(const string & s) : errMsg(s) {}

    const string & getMsg()
    {
        return errMsg;
    }

    void setMsg(const string & s)
    {
        errMsg = s;
    }

private:
    string errMsg;
};

void throwExecption_1(const string & s)
{
    throw MyException(s);
}

void throwExecption_2(const string & s)
{
    static MyException e;

    e.setMsg(s);
    throw &e;
}

int main()
{
    try {
        throwExecption_1("Oops 1!");
    } catch (MyException & e) {
        cout << e.getMsg() << endl;
    }

    try {
        throwExecption_1("Oops 2!");
    } catch (MyException e) {
        cout << e.getMsg() << endl;
    }

    try {
        throwExecption_2("Oops 3!");
    } catch (MyException * e) {
        cout << e->getMsg() << endl;
    }

    try {
        throwExecption_2("Oops 4!");
    } catch (MyException * & e) {
        cout << e->getMsg() << endl;
    }
}
-(dearvoid@LinuxEden:tty3)-(~/void/c++)-
[4013 0] # g++ -o exception exception.cc
-(dearvoid@LinuxEden:tty3)-(~/void/c++)-
[4013 0] # ./exception
Oops 1!
Oops 2!
Oops 3!
Oops 4!
-(dearvoid@LinuxEden:tty3)-(~/void/c++)-
[4013 0] # o

-(dearvoid@LinuxEden:tty3)-(~/void/c++)-
[8366 0] # cat exception.cc
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class MyException {
public:
    MyException()
    {
        cout << ".. now in default constructor" << endl;
        cout << ".. address: " << this << endl;
    }

    MyException(const string & s) : errMsg(s)
    {
        cout << ".. now in constructor from string" << endl;
        cout << ".. address: " << this << endl;
    }

    MyException(const MyException & e)
    {
        cout << ".. now in copy constructor" << endl;
        cout << ".. address: " << this << " <--- " << &e << endl;
        errMsg = e.errMsg;
    }

    MyException & operator =(const MyException & e)
    {
        cout << ".. now in = operator" << endl;
        errMsg = e.errMsg;
        return *this;
    }

    const string & getMsg()
    {
        return errMsg;
    }

    void setMsg(const string & s)
    {
        errMsg = s;
    }

private:
    string errMsg;
};

// the `throw' declaration is optional
void throwExecption_1(const string & s) throw(MyException)
{
    MyException e(s);
    throw e;
}

void throwExecption_2(const string & s) throw(MyException *)
{
    static MyException e;

    e.setMsg(s);
    throw &e;
}

int main()
{
    cout << ".. catch (E & e)" << endl;
    try {
        throwExecption_1("Oops 1!");
    } catch (MyException & e) {
        cout << ".. address: " << &e << " (caught)" << endl;
        cout << e.getMsg() << endl;
    }

    cout << "--------" << endl;
    cout << ".. catch (E e)" << endl;
    try {
        throwExecption_1("Oops 2!");
    } catch (MyException e) {
        cout << ".. address: " << &e << " (caught)" << endl;
        cout << e.getMsg() << endl;
    }

    cout << "--------" << endl;
    cout << ".. catch (E * e)" << endl;
    try {
        throwExecption_2("Oops 3!");
    } catch (MyException * e) {
        cout << e->getMsg() << endl;
    }

    cout << "--------" << endl;
    cout << ".. catch (E * & e)" << endl;
    try {
        throwExecption_2("Oops 4!");
    } catch (MyException * & e) {
        cout << e->getMsg() << endl;
    }
}
-(dearvoid@LinuxEden:tty3)-(~/void/c++)-
[8366 0] # g++ -o exception exception.cc
-(dearvoid@LinuxEden:tty3)-(~/void/c++)-
[8366 0] # ./exception
.. catch (E & e)
.. now in constructor from string
.. address: 0xbfa7a92c
.. now in copy constructor
.. address: 0x804b070 <--- 0xbfa7a92c
.. address: 0x804b070 (caught)
Oops 1!
--------
.. catch (E e)
.. now in constructor from string
.. address: 0xbfa7a92c
.. now in copy constructor
.. address: 0x804b070 <--- 0xbfa7a92c
.. now in copy constructor
.. address: 0xbfa7a97c <--- 0x804b070
.. address: 0xbfa7a97c (caught)
Oops 2!
--------
.. catch (E * e)
.. now in default constructor
.. address: 0x804ae48
Oops 3!
--------
.. catch (E * & e)
Oops 4!
-(dearvoid@LinuxEden:tty3)-(~/void/c++)-
[8366 0] #